Apush chapter Essay

To weak Could non levy taxes, had economic problems ca using social unrest non sozzled enough to hold earths together Regulations bow to give tongue to hard to deal No similar tax, different taxes in each state Rebellions with direct challenge towards sexual congress for more depicted object giving medication or unconstipated a dictatorship, unable to deal with guinea pig problems 2. American Manufactures- replace state tariffs with uniformly high national duty Merchants and shippers- single national policy non state-to-state policies LandSpeculators- wanted enshroud of Indians removed from their western tracts People who owed m angiotensin-converting enzymey-states to stop issuing specie, which lowered the value of what they received in allowance Investors-in Confederation securities wanted the governing to fund the debt and thus enhance the value of their securities Large property throwers- looked for ways to protect against mobs (shays rebellion) 3. Character o f the men at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention Founding fathers (all states except Rhode Island) 55, Young men, or so 44 only Franklin was advanced age Represented propertied sake of the countryFeared follies of nation just suspicious of concentrated baron cap was elected head, and Madison was well-nigh essential. Provided the plan of Virginia that was wontd in establishing untested organization. The Foundation of the debate was made absent of Randolphs (Virginia) excepted Idea of supreme principle, Executive and discriminatory branches Franklin was also important, remained calm, telling the delegates if they failed they would despair of est. govt. by human wisdom, and leave it to chance of warned conquest. His influenced allow delegates to refuse to demo up and they came up with he Great Compromise 4.Madison with the Virginia throw that called for new national legislation with 2 houses. In the lower house states delineate by population. members of upper house elected by lower house. Was changed to upper house to be elected by state government, each state thusly was given at least one member in upper house. Paterson brisk Jersey Plan for a national govt. with one legislation, each state equal representation and gave congress-expanded formers of tax and to regulate occupation (tabled by Congress) smaller states needed in ratification.It gave the upper house to be elected by state egislation giving least one member from each state in the upper house b. The chemical formula was divided by Would states re participator be represented equally in upper house or would the larger states arrive at more members Great compromise-states represented in the lower house on the rump of population the upper house, states would be represented equally with 2 members apiece Slavery being counted in taxation or population counts for the representation. south Carolina wanted slaves to be considered property govt. evied taxes merely mass in the head count for representation. Those in the north wanted the opposite of this. Great compromise- each slave counted as three-fifths of a free person in determining taxation and representation Power to regulate tidy sum effect cotton economy, which relied on slavery and sales abroad Great compromise- not allowed to tax exports and forbid to impose a duty more than 10 dollars a head on imported slaves and no authority to stop slave trade for twenty years 6.Efforts to pre coif ideals of the revolution by eliminating inconvenience and content Effort to crest a strong national govt. to exercise authority Under restore of business depression The weakness and ineptitude of national government The treats to American territories from Great Britain and Spain The inability of whatever congress or state govt. o make good their debts The interstate Jealousies and barriers to trade Widespread use of inflation producing paper money Law littleness that was Shays rebellion The timely adoption of t he Constitution could save the materialisation re unexclusive Effect to protect the economic interest of existing elites Conservative business interest who feared that the de primaevalised political structure of republic imperiled their financial position Economic reasons Wanted government able to abet industry and trade, protect private property and ake good on the public debt Constitution was an economic roll drawn from superb kill by men whose property interest were at stake Articles could have produced a permanent government Effort to protect individual freedom and to limit the power of the federal official govt. Debate amid the federalist and antifederalist wise typography with Bill of counterbalances economical distress were comparable to(predicate)ly to support the authorship states that were stable and prosperous were likely to oppose it 7. Role of the branches in the Constitution Legislative- House of Representatives based on population rep. nd Senate based qual r ep. each elected for different terms, and different ways to check power Judicial- protection from twain executive and legislative, Judges and Justices appointed by the chair and then confirmed by the senate would serve for life Executive- president power to veto acts of congress The federal government would divide power between state and nation (power in part from the citizenry) to protect from the tranny of the people or the mob, and of excess of democracy (shays rebellion) Only House of rep. elected directly by the people Senate, president and federal Judges would be isolated from public . Who and what is the Federalist?Called federalist because the term once used by opponents of centralization Implying they were less committed to a nationalist government than in fact were Hamilton, Madison, Franklin, Washington, Jay important federalist Wrote federalist papers They were actually wanted stronger central government to check power of masses 9. To get their views seen, Madison, Ha milton, and Jay published federalist papers in the newspaper explaining the virtues and meaning of the constitution Concerned with public masses, waned govt. to function at some distance from public passion nd strong enough to act against threats to order and stability 10. Antifederalist concerns Recognized need for govt. exclusively concerned in state or concentrated power than dangers of popular will Opposed constitution because it placed obstacles between people and the exercise of power Name implied they had nothing to offer but opposition and chaos Believed constitution would tramp those principles est. trong, possible tyrannical govt, that could increase taxes, obliterate states, wield dictoral powers, favor the wellborn over common people and put an end to individual liberty Biggest concern was lack of Bill of rights 1 1 . The butt against of ratification for the Constitution Ratified by 9 of 13 states would become law Delaware, New Jersey, New Hampshire and Georgia ratifi ed fast (support) Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts more of a struggle Virginia and New York antifederalist feared the states commercial interest would suffer and would not ratify unless had the Bill of Rights (and did finally ratify) North Carolina waited to see what would happen to the amendments Rhode Island did not even participate (no support) 12. Congress continued work of the Constitutional Convention by..Was in charge of amendment to protect state powers, rest were to provide basic rights Congress to determine the number of Supreme Court Judges to be appointed and the kinds of lower dallys to be organized Made bench Act of 1789- provided Supreme Court sixer members, Chief Justice and five associate Justices 13 districts with one Judge apiece, and three circuit courts of appeal, with one district Judge Lastly congress gave finial decision in case involving constitutionality of state laws to supreme court Created 3 departments or cabinets- state, treasury, and war 13. Washingt on selections for cabinets repository of treasury- Hamilton writing table of war- general Knox Attorney general- Randolph Secretary of State- Jefferson 14. 1750 differences in philosophy heats the debate about constitution -Caused by not solving problem but weak compromises Federalist Nation-state with strong govt. ith a centralized authority Complex commercial economy Proud stand up in world personal business Hamilton republicans Modest government Not highly commercialized or urban, but predominately homespun and agrarian Most power for people and state Madison and Jefferson 15. View of society and politics by Hamilton and who should govern Government was he central most power, with centralized authority, a complex commercial economy, and stand in world personal business Needed the support of the wealthy and powerful Stable, effective govt. required novice ruling class 16. Hamiltons plan for paying the debt and restoring credit or federalist program To exchange certificates that congress trim downd for uniform, interest- bearing bonds, payable at definite dates To assume over state debts, so states would look to central govt. or eventual payment Did not want to pay off the debt but to create a large debt Old bonds being nonrecreational off, new ones issued created creditors-the wealthy class more ikely to lend money to the government and have permanent stake Sale of western lands main revenue Create national trust-provide loans and currency to business, give safe place to deposit federal funds, help collect taxes and disburse govt. expenditures, suffer price of govt. bonds high through Judicial bonds, govt would have monopoly and appoint 1/5 of the directors Exercise paid by distillers for alcoholic liquors, falling heavily on the backcountry (Penn, VI, NC) where they converted corn/rye crop to whiskey Other Wrote report on manufactures for stimulating growth of industry for a healthy oundation in manufacturing This appealed to wealthy, merchants or any powerful group 17. How the federalist programs were enacted and hold upon National bank, exercise tax on whiskey, tax on imports, federal govt. ill assume the national debt To pay bondholders themselves, not the original lenders who had sold their bonds on their own accord Changed location of nations capital to appease VI, who did not want to pay for states with larger debts location is on Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland Argue that national bank was compatible with the intent of the onstitution, even though it did not explicitly authorized it senate, house, and Washington agreed to the bill with a charter for 20 years won passage of new tariff that raised rates Opposition and success Farmers opposed tariffs (were the vast majority) Madison, Randolph, and Jefferson against bank (republicans) Was a successes in that it won the support of prestigious segment of the population It restored public credit, bonds were selling abroad at or above values of other nations Speculators reaped large profit Manufactures profited from the tariff, and merchants benefited from new banking administration 8. revolt in opposition No policy in constitution about political parties (Washington warns against politics but some what supports federalist) Federalist now had an interested and overbearing majority (tyrannical) Enacted program that many leaders opposed Est. national network of influence that embodied the worst features of a party Used control of appointment and award govt. franchise To reward supporters and gain allies Local associations full of aristocrats standing in local communities Resembled rot British Needed vigorous opposition to balance the power (republican party) Republican Party had partisan influence, every(prenominal) state formed committees, societies, and caucuses Republic of smaller govt. Repub. orrespond across state lines and influencing state and local elections Both parties claimed to serve the greater good Neither would concede the right of the other exist The first party system 19. Jefferson and Madison Agrarian republic Sturdy, independent farmer citizens Limited commercial activity, farmers would market in both national and international market for their goods Limited industry, with manufacturing capacities advanced industrial economy because of the number of property less workers Decentralized system Hamilton believed in a central govt. with large roles in commerce and foreign affairs of other countries. He believed in Enlightened class (wealthy), with a centralized authority and highly lively 20. cut Revolution creates differences (mod rule) Federalist horrified by the event in which the monarchy was executed Republicans applauded the democracy and anti-aristocratic spirit (even imitated French radicals) Federalist numerous in commercial centers of northeast and southern coast Republicans numerous in rural areas of South and westbound 21 . Washington underscored the difference between the Constituti on and Articles of Confederation by exerting authority and using militia of 3 other states, to defeat the revolt against the whiskey excise tax. Instead of leaving the issue to Pennsylvania to deal with as they had done under the Articles of Confederation to give Massachusetts the power of traffic with Shays Rebellion. 22. By showing the governments new power in interfering in others affairs by destroying the whiskey rebellion it provoked the frontier people to be loyal by intimidation.By accepting their territories as new states in the Union it won their loyalties. After Bill of Rights was added, North Carolina (1789), Rhode Island (1790), New states were Vermont after NY and NH gave their claims up to it (1791), Kentucky when VI gave up claims (1792), and Tennessee (1796) after NC gave up rights to it Constitution did little to resolve Indian issues Article 1 excludes Indians not taxed from being counted in the population totals that determine of seats states would receive in Ho use Gave Congress power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes Article VI bound new govt. o respect treaties negotiated by the confederation, but did not clarify legal standing of natives It recognized existence of ribes as legal entities, but not foreign nations Not citizens nor represented Constitution did not govern relations between whites and Indians over land No clear deal lines to rights of nation in a nation, that natives had sovereignty U. S. relationship with natives characterized by treaties 23. Difficulties during French war This tested U. S. disinterest in the conflict Problem with French diplomat, Genet Instead of Genet landing in Philadelphia to Washington, he went to Charleston, he planed to use American ports to outfit French warships, encourages American ship wners to become French privateers, and commission Clark on military expedition against Spanish going against Washington and neutrality act Made Wa shington and federalist mad, tried to recall him but Genets party was out of power, so was sent to political asylum in U. S.Royal Navvy starts seizing American ships engaged in Trade with French in West Indies Hamilton feared war would end imports from England, which was most of the revenue for maintaining his financial system Did not want new Secretary of State, Randolph (pro-French) to negotiate and persuaded Washington to send John Jay to ecure compensation for recent British assaults on American shipping, to necessity withdrawal of British forces from the frontier posts, and to negotiate a new commercial treaty No war, the Jay treaty-developed uncontroversial American sovereignty over entire Northwest, and produced commercial relationship with Britain Opposed by republicans and some federalist and created public denunciations, but ratified 25. Relations with Spain Jays treaty caused Spain to fear Americans and British would Join and challenge Spains possessions Pinckney treaty -Spain recognizes the right of American of the Mississippi River to New Orleans to reloading on oceangoing ships, agreed to fix Floridas point of accumulation to 31 parallel, and for Spanish to prevent Indians in Florida from launching attacks 26. Presidents election of 1796 and Adam Hamilton had too many enemies but Adam was directly associated with none of the unpopular Federalist measures 27.Administrating a Federalist President and Republican frailty President scratchy factional rivalries, Hamilton favored Pinckney, Adams running mate Pinckneys supporters declined to vote for Adams, and he manage to beat Jefferson by 3 votes, ut a still larger number of Adams supporters declined to vote for Pinckney, Jefferson was second in balloting and became Vice President Adams assumed presidential term under inauspicious circumstances, he presided over divided party which confront a strong and resourceful Republican opposition committed to its extinction Hamilton remains most influenti al Federalist, and Adams never challenged him effectively Adams was talented statesmen, not talented at conciliating differences, soliciting support, or inspiring enthusiasm imitation own virtual correctness would sustain him, even if usually wrong 28. Quasi war American relations with Great Britain and Spain improved with the Jay and Pinckney Treaty, but France alliance deteriorated and started capturing American ships over seas, sometimes imprisoning the crew Pinckney arrived in France and the governor refused to receive him as an official representative of the U. S. Many of Adams advisers favored war like Secretary of State, Thomas Pickering but Hamilton recommended conciliation and Adams agreed in an effort to stabilize relations Adams appointed a bipartisan- with Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to negotiate with France, Paris in 1797. agents of French foreign minister Prince Talleyrand emanded a loan for France and a reward for French officials before any negotiation the French insults and urging preparation for war to Congress When Adams moody in the report of the American commissions over to Congress after deleting the names of the 3 French agents and named them Messrs. X, Y, and Z it created outrage against France and strong support from the Federalist in response to the XYZ affair- creating an undeclared war Congress was persuaded to cut off trade with France, to repudiate the treaties of 1776, and to authorize American vessels to capture French armed ships over seas 1798, Congress created a Dep. f Navvy and appropriated money for the construction of new warships (thus winning duels against the French) American became a virtual ally of the British Adams sent a new commission to Paris in 1800 and the new French govt. agreed to a treaty, that canceled the old agreement of 1778 and est. ew commerce arrangement The war ends peacefully and the U. S. frees it self from entanglements of the French alliance 29. Alien and Sedation Acts Alien Act- placed new o bstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become American citizens, and strengthened the presidents hand in dealing with them Sedation act-allowed govt. to prosecute those engaged in sedition against the govt. , slanderous or treasonous activities were prosecuted, and the law made it possible for the federal govt. to strife any oppression This acts were enacted to quiesce Republican opposition, the sedation act meant that govt. could arrest and convict Republic newspaper, whose only crime was criticizing the federalist 30.Virginia and Kentucky resolution Republican leaders hoped the reversal of Alien and Sedation Act on the state legislature because of the Acts opposition against Republicans The republicans set(p) ut a theory for state accusation, one by Jefferson, called the Kentucky resolution, adopted by Kentucky legislator and the other by Madison, called the Virginia resolution approved by Virginia legislature Both resolutions used idea of John Locke to argue that the f ederal govt. had been formed by a compact among the states and possessed only certain delegate powers, whenever it exercised any undelegate powers like the acts they were unauthorized and the state had right to nullify the appropriate law This revealed resentment toward policies that the Government assed, exercising more power than ever before and using power to benefit one party Even if the Republicans did not get support for nullification, they succeeded in elevating their dispute to national level (nation became divided politically resulting many arguments) 31 .Issue of 1800 election Issue of nation very divided politically resulting in one of the most ugliest elections in American history with Mudslinging Jefferson accused of too radical, having wild followers would bring terror comparable to the French Revolution and his romantic involvement with a slave women Adams was portrayed as a autocrat conspiring to ecome king, and that the federalist were plotting to subvert human libe rty and society, republicans carried the city by vast majority and Jefferson was elected but the constitution called for each elector to vote by ballot for two persons and they had an elector cast one vote for his partys presidential candidate and another for the Vice President. To avoid a tie between Jefferson and Burr, the Republicans had intended for one elector to refrain from voting for Burr but both candidates tied any ways with 73.The House of Representatives had to choose each state delegate would cast a single vote. The new Congress had an republican majority but would not hold office till after the president was inaugurated, so it was up to the Federalist. Hamilton concluded that Burr was too unreliable and Jefferson was elected 32. Adams reaction in losing the presidency He took steps to make the partys hold on the courts secure By the Judiciary Act of 1801 , Federalist reduced the number of Supreme Court justiceships by one and increased the number of federal Judgeships as a whole Adams appointed Federalist to the newly created position and in midnight appointments stayed up till midnight signing the new Judges commission